Phonological Segment Relationships

Mostly posting so I have easy access over the holidays, but this is the results of a recent academic paper that compared what phonemes were likely to co-occur in a language. (If X language has A sound, is it more likely to also have B sound? And does B also make it more likely to have A?)

Phonological Segments

Basic Inventory

/m | k p | n t | l r/ (Note that ɾ and ɹ are often transcribed as ‘r’)

2914 | 2730 2594 | 2349 2064 | 2044 1332

-

Australian Extension

/y w/ (Glides)

2716 2483

/ŋ/ (Close to Retroflexes, Alveo-Palatals, and Glides)

1897

/ʈ ɻ ɳ ɭ/ (Retroflexes)

481 306 399 359

/ ȵ ȶ ȴ/ (Alveo-Palatals)

380 313 202

-

Non-Connected Phonemes

/t̪ʰ ʈ̪ ɖ ɽ ʋ ɺ/

210 139 257 179 71 39

-

Dentals

/t̪ n̪ l̪ | d̪/

846 485 354 | 526

-

Palatal Affricates

/ç ʝ | cç ɟʝ cçʰ/

137 61 | 124 111 49

/gʱ/g̈ ɖʱ/ɖ̤ bʱ/b̤ dʱ/d̤/ (Breathy Voiced Stops, d̪ʱ)

92 41 94 46 (50)

/ɦ/ (Close to Breathy Voiced)

109

-

Large Inventory Extension

/q qʰ ɢ | χ ᴚ | ħ ʕ/ (Postvelar)

256 81 46 | 213 156 | 81 55

/xʷ | kʷ’ χʷ kʰʷ qʷ/ (Labialized Velars/Uvulars)

77 | 84 63 62 50

/x/ (between Postvelars and Labialized Postvelars)

576

-

/k’ t’ tʃ’ p’ ts’ q’ tɬ’ R* t̪’/ (Ejectives) *some type of rhotic, transcriber didn’t indicate

242 156 184 178 128 84 39 46 51

-

/ɣ β ɸ | ð θ ṉ/ (Fricatives and Rectracted Dental Nasal, possibly /ɹ/)

436 300 153| 160 123 46 (60, but often transcribed as ‘r’ instead)

/tɕ ɕ dʑ ʑ tɕʰ/ (Alveo-Palatal Fricatives/Affricates)

121 116 77 74 62

-

/z̪ s̪ t̪s̪/ (Dental Sibilants)

115 253 103

-

AFFRICATES

/kʰ pʰ tʰ tʃʰ tsʰ/ (Voiceless Aspirated Plosives/Affricates)

605 592 403 229 195

/c ɟ/ (Palatal Plosives, possibly includes /cʰ/)

418 368 (99)

/ts dz pf/ (Affricates)

666 312 40

-

First Extension

/s | b g d | f z v | tʃ dʒ | ʃ ʒ | h ñ ʔ ʎ

2020 | 1906 1712 1376 | 1329 893 816 | 1218 820 |  1104 478 |1703 1255 1131 147

/ɾ/ (Tap)

774

-

/ʂ ʐ/ (Retroflex Fricatives)

198 91

/ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ɖʐ/ (Retroflex Affricates, tend to occur only when /ʂ ʐ/)

106 55 46

-

Labial-Velars

/gb kp ŋm ɥ/

374 373 92 46

Pre-Nasals

/mb nd ŋg | ṉḏʒ ŋmgb ŋgʷ ndz nz ɱv ñɟ/

316 293 290 | 129 95 58 74 48 48 37

Lateral Fricatives and Creaky Voiced Approximants

/y̰ w̰ | ɬ λ/ɮ/

33 33 | 149 48

Implosives

/ɓ ɗ ʄ/

293 248 47

-

Palatized

/tʸ lʸ dʸ nʸ sʸ/ (Coronal)

90 71 63 57 52

-

Geminate

/mː nː | kː | lː sː tː | pː rː | yː ʃː fː | ñː ŋː | wː tʃː/

98 93 | 86 | 85 73 58 | 66 64 | 50 47 46 | 42 39 | 36 40

Labialized

/kʷ gʷ ŋʷ | hʷ hʸ | mʷ bʷ fʷ pʷ | sʷ tʷ ʃʷ/

372 190 124 | 67 34 | 69 55 44 52 | 38 46 33

Australian Tense/Weakly Articulated Stops

/p͉ k͉ p͈ k͈ ȶ͈ ȶ͉ t̪͈ t̪͉/

79 78 72 72 66 64 44 43

/t͉ t͈ ʈ͉ ʈ͈/ (Tense/Weakly Articulated Alveolar/Retroflex Stops)

53 47 46 44

-*-

Australian Apicals

/n̺ r̺ l̺ t̺ ɹ̺/

156 149 140 117 114

/bː gː dː/ (Voiced Stops)

65 58 43

-*-

Voiceless Prenasalized Stops

/nt ŋk mp/ (twice as likely to occur if /ŋg nd mb/ also occur)

41 43 37

-*-

Voiceless Sonorants

/l̥ | m̥ n̥ | ʍ r̥/  (r̥ and ʍ are rarely together)

73 | 75 61 | 40 36

-*-

/kʸ gʸ mʸ pʸ bʸ rʸ/ (Peripherial)

101 82 72 71 61 36

-

NOT RANKED

ɰ ȋ ȗ eȋ aȋ oȋ aȗ uȋ oȗ ȋe ȗo (glide) | ə̆ ɨ̆ ɐ̆ (Extra Short)

64 22 20 16 16 16 13 13 11 10 9 | 17 13 11

r̪ d̪z̪ fʸ d̪ʱ β̞ ᴚʷ nʷ s̺ ñ̟ ɫ ŋ̥ vʸ zʸ

88 34 38 37 37 34 32 32 31 31 30 30 30

m̥	m		ɱ	n̪̥	n̪	n̥	n		n̠		ɳ		ȵ	ñ̥	ñ	ŋ̊	ŋ		ɴ							ŋm
p	b			t̪	d̪	t	d	t̠	d̠	ʈ	ɖ	ȶ		c	ɟ	k	g	q	ɢ			ʔ			kp	gb
				s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ			ɕ	ʑ
ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð									ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ᴚ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
	β̞		ʋ		ð̞		ɹ				ɻ			ẙ	y		ɰ		ᴚ̞					ɥ	ʍ	w
			ⱱ		ɾ̪	ɾ̥	ɾ
					r̪	r̥	rr				ɽ								ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
				ɬ̪		ɬ	λ/ɮ
				l̪̥	l̪	l̥	l		l̠		ɭ		ȴ		ʎ										ɫ̪	ɫ
							ɺ		ɺ̠
				t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	tʃ	dʒ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ			tɕ	dʑ	kx		qχ
		pf	bv	t̪ð		tr	dr							cç	ɟʝ
				t̪ɬ̪		tɬ
											ŋ!
				kǀ	gǀ		kǁ			k!	g!
				kǀʰ						k!ʰ
	b̥					N*	d̺̥								ñ̟		g̊
				R̪*	d̪̥z̪̥	R*	ɗ̥		d̥ʒ̥		ʐ̙			c̟	ʎ̟		g̊ʷ
	mʱ/m̤				n̪ʱ		nʱ
pʰ	bʱ			t̪ʰ	d̪ʱ	tʰ	dʱ			ʈʰ	ɖʱ			cʰ	ɟʱ	kʰ	gʱ	qʰ
						sʰ								ɕʰ		ʰk
ʰp						ʰt	ɾʱ																			wʱ
							rʱ				ɽʱ
							lʱ
				t̪s̪ʰ		tsʰ	dzʱ	tʃʰ	d̠ʒʱ	ʈʂʰ				tɕʰ
						tɬʰ		ʰt̠ʃ						cçʰ	ɟʝʱ
	ˀm						ˀn
	mˀ						nˀ
p’	ɓ			t̪’	ɗ̪	t’	ɗ				ᶑ			c’	ʄ	k’	ɠ	q’
	ˀb	f’		s̪’		s’		ʃ’
						ɬ’	ˀl								ˀy											ˀw
															yˀ											wˀ
				t̪s̪’		ts’		tʃ’		ʈʂ’								qχ’
				t̪ɬ̪’		tɬ’
	mʷ				n̪ʷ		nʷ				ɳʷ				ñʷ		ŋʷ
pʷ	bʷ			t̪ʷ		tʷ	dʷ			ʈʷ				cʷ		kʷ	gʷ	qʷ	ɢʷ			ʔʷ
		fʷ	vʷ			sʷ	zʷ	ʃʷ	ʒʷ							xʷ	ɣʷ	χʷ	ᴚʷ			hʷ
							rʷ				ɻʷ				yʷ
					l̪ʷ		lʷ				ɭʷ		ȴʷ
						tsʷ		t̠ʃʷ	d̠ʒʷ
								t̠ʃ’ʷ								k’ʷ		q’ʷ
						tʷʰ		t̠ʃʷʰ								kʷʰ		qʷʰ
	mʸ				n̪ʸ		nʸ									ŋʸ
pʸ	bʸ			t̪ʸ	d̪ʸ	tʸ	dʸ									kʸ	gʸ					ʔʸ
ɸʸ	βʸ	fʸ	vʸ	s̪ʸ		sʸ	zʸ	ʃʸ	ʒʸ							xʸ	ɣʸ					hʸ
							ɾʸ																			wʸ
							rʸ
					l̪ʸ	ɬʸ	lʸ
				t̪s̪ʸ		tsʸ	dzʸ	t̠ʃʸ	d̠ʒʸ							k’ʸ
pʸʰ						tʸʰ										kʸʰ
			t̪ˁ		tˁ	dˁ	lˠ	lˁ
					l̪ˠ	sˁ	zˁ
mp	mb	ɱf	ɱv		n̪d̪	nt	nd				ɳɖ				ñɟ	ŋk	ŋg									ŋmgb
						ns	nz
					n̪d̪z̪	nts	ndz	n̠t̠ʃ	n̠d̠ʒ		nɖʐ				ndʑ
	mbʷ					ntʰ	r̃	ndʷ			ɽ̃				ỹ	ŋkʷ	ŋgʷ					h̃				w̃
								ndʸ									ŋgʸ
							l̃
mpʰ						ntsʰ		n̠t̠ʃʰ								ŋkʰ
	mː				n̪ː		nː								ñː		ŋː
pː	bː			t̪ː	d̪ː	tː	dː			ʈː	ɖː			cː	ɟː	kː	gː	qː			ʕː	ʔː
		fː	vː	s̪ː		sː	zː	ʃː	ʒː					ɕː		xː		χː				hː				wː
							rː								yː
						ɬː	lː
						tsː	dzː	tʃː	d̠ʒː
pʰː				t̪ʰː				t̠ʃʰː								kʰː
p’ː						t’ː	ɗː	t̠ʃ’ː								k’ː
						ts’ː										kʷː
p͉				t̪͉		t͉	t̺͉			ʈ͉		ȶ͉				k͉
p͈				t̪͈		t͈	t̺͈			ʈ͈		ȶ͈				k͈
							r̺͈
						n̺			n̻
						t̺	d̺	t̻	d̻
					ð̪̺	s̺	z̺	s̻	z̻
							ɹ̺
							ɾ̺
							r̺
				l̪̻	l̺̠	t̪̺	l̺		l̻
						t̺s̺		t̻s̻
						t̺ʰ		t̻ʰ
						t̺’
						t̺s̺ʰ
						t̺s̺’
	m̰		n̪̰				n̰
p̰	b̰					t̰	d̰									k̰		q̰
					l̪̰		l̰	t̠ʃ̰							y̰											w̰

 

 Vowels and Tones (not in paper)

˦ ˨ ˧ | ˥˧ ˨˥ ˥˩ | ˥ ˩ | ˩˥ ˨˧ ˧˨ | ˦˧ ˥˦ ˧˩ | ˦˥ ˩˨ ˦˥

552 545 300 | 143 121 65 | 79 62 | 47 33 32 | 17 16 16 | 12 10 10

	i u a	e o	ɛ ɔ
	2779 2646 2600	1841 1826	1129 1070
	iː aː uː	eː oː		ə
	961 893 888	641 635		675
	ĩ ã ũ				ɨ ɪ ʊ
	542 521 494				491444 409
		õ ẽ	ɛː ɔː			ꭥ/o̞ ᴇ/e̞
		345 323	324 309			289 281
			ɛ̃ ɔ̃				ɑ æ	ɯ	ʏ/y
			240 229				225 223	193	175
					ɨ̃ ɪ̃ ʊ̃					ʌ
					129 103 96					133
				əː			ɑː
				114			104
ai au	ĩː ũː ãː			ə̃	ɪː ʊː ɨː		æː				ø œ ɤ ᴀ/ä
90 77	101 100 81			91	87 86 86		76				94 89 83 80
ia ua ui		õː				ꭥ̃/õ̞ ᴇ̃/ẽ̞			ʏ/yː		øː	ɐ ʉ ɒ
61 58 55		60				72 55			71		57	75 67 59
oi ei	a̟	ẽː	ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː			ꭥ/o̞ː ᴇ/e̞ː	ɑ̃ æ̃	ɯː			ᴀ/äː		ɘ
40 39	43	49	48 41			53 48	50 46	46			44		43
ie uə iu ou iə	i̤ ṳ a̤	o̤ e̤	ɔ̤				æ̟̃	ɯ̃		ʌ̃	œː			ɵ ɜ ʏ
35 32 32 30 23	26 26 22	27 25	22				27	38		23	33			36 35 28
iɛ ɔi əi ɯa eu əu	a̰ ḭ ṵ	ḛ o̰	ɛ̤	ə̃ː						ʌː	ɤː	ɒː ʉː			m̩
19 18 18 18 18 17	27 26 21	21 20	19	20						20	19	21 20			21
ue aɪ ɛi uo io	u̞						ɑ̃ː				ø̞			ɵː	n̩ ŋ̩
16 16 15 13 13	16						16				16			14	16 13
uɔ aʊ ea	a̟ː				ɪ̈			ɯ̞			ɤ̞	ɐː		ɵ̞
12 12 11	12				11			11			12	12		12
ie̞ ao ɔi eɪ oa	i̤ː		ɔ̤ː	ɚ	ɨ̃ː			ɯ̽ ɯ̤	ʏ̃/ỹ			ɐ̃ ɒ̃			l̩
10 10 10 10 9	9		9	9	9			10 9	9			10 9			6